Modern Innovations & Technology
Science & Technology – Exam Preparation
Introduction: The Era of Rapid Innovation
The 21st century is an era of rapid innovation and technological transformation — from mRNA vaccines in healthcare to electric vehicles, AI-driven robots, and smart materials shaping a sustainable future.
In the Delhi Police exam, questions from this topic focus on latest scientific breakthroughs, global initiatives, and applications of modern tech in real life.
A. Healthcare & Medicine Innovations
1. mRNA Vaccines
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Full Form | Messenger RNA Vaccine |
| Working | Teaches cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response |
| Examples | Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273) |
| Used For | COVID-19 prevention |
| Feature | Fast to develop, adaptable to variants |
2. CRISPR Therapy
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Full Form | Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats |
| Function | Gene-editing tool that cuts & replaces faulty DNA segments |
| Uses | Treating genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia and cancer |
| Inventors | Jennifer Doudna & Emmanuelle Charpentier (Nobel Prize 2020) |
3. AI in Diagnostics
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Use | AI algorithms analyze medical scans, predict diseases, and assist doctors |
| Applications | X-ray analysis, early cancer detection, COVID prediction, telemedicine |
| Examples | IBM Watson Health, Google DeepMind |
B. Energy & Environment Innovations
1. Solar Energy
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | Conversion of sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells |
| Example Projects | International Solar Alliance (ISA – led by India & France) |
| Goal | Achieve clean, renewable power for all |
2. Hydrogen Energy (Green Hydrogen)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | Hydrogen produced using renewable electricity (solar/wind) instead of fossil fuels |
| Use | Fuel cells for vehicles, power generation |
| India's Initiative | National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) |
| Goal | India to become a global hub for green hydrogen |
3. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | Vehicles powered by electric motors and rechargeable batteries |
| Examples | Tata Nexon EV, Tesla, Ola Electric Scooters |
| Government Scheme | FAME – Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles |
| Benefit | Reduces air pollution and fuel cost |
C. Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
1. Chatbots
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | AI-based software that simulates human conversation |
| Examples | ChatGPT, Google Bard, Alexa, Siri |
| Uses | Customer support, education, healthcare, and law enforcement |
2. Drones
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) controlled remotely or autonomously |
| Uses | Agriculture, delivery, military, disaster management |
| Indian Example | Drone Didi Yojana (2023) – drones for women-led farming |
D. Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
1. Graphene
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern |
| Properties | Stronger than steel, excellent conductor, flexible, lightweight |
| Uses | Electronics, batteries, sensors, medical devices |
| Discovered By | Andre Geim & Konstantin Novoselov (Nobel Prize 2010) |
2. Bio-Plastics
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | Plastics made from renewable plant sources like corn starch or sugarcane |
| Feature | Biodegradable and eco-friendly |
| Uses | Packaging, utensils, agriculture |
Practice Questions (Delhi Police PYQ-style)
The mRNA vaccine technology was used in —
Options: A) Polio B) Tuberculosis C) COVID-19 D) Measles
Category: Healthcare Innovations
Show Answer
C) COVID-19
CRISPR is related to —
Options: A) Climate Change B) Gene Editing C) Robotics D) Cybersecurity
Category: Healthcare Innovations
Show Answer
B) Gene Editing
Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
Options: A) Coal B) Solar C) Petroleum D) Natural Gas
Category: Energy Innovations
Show Answer
B) Solar
FAME scheme is associated with —
Options: A) Electric Vehicles B) Digital India C) Green Hydrogen D) Startup India
Category: Energy Innovations
Show Answer
A) Electric Vehicles
The strongest material known today is —
Options: A) Graphite B) Graphene C) Steel D) Titanium
Category: Nanotechnology
Show Answer
B) Graphene
Which device is used as an unmanned aerial vehicle?
Options: A) Satellite B) Drone C) Radar D) Jet
Category: AI & Robotics
Show Answer
B) Drone
Quick Revision – One Line Memory
| Innovation | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| mRNA Vaccine | Genetic instruction for immunity |
| CRISPR | Gene editing |
| AI in Health | Smart diagnosis |
| Solar / Wind | Clean energy |
| Hydrogen Energy | Future fuel |
| Electric Vehicle (EV) | Battery-powered transport |
| Chatbot | Conversational AI |
| Drone | Aerial robot |
| Graphene | Strongest material |
| Bio-Plastics | Eco-friendly plastic |
Exam Tricks & Mnemonics
Healthcare Trick:
"mRNA – Message for Immunity, CRISPR – Scissors of Life"
Energy Trick:
"Solar = Sunlight to Current, EV = Energy Vehicle, Not Exhaust Vehicle"
AI Trick:
"Chatbots talk smart, not hard. Drones – Eyes in the Sky"
Materials Trick:
"Graphene – Super Material, Bio-Plastics – Return to Nature"
Revision & Exam Points
Final Concept Recap
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