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SSC CGL - Detailed Guide 2025

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Industry and Infrastructure

Reference: Lucent GK, NCERT Class 6–12

Major Industries:

Iron & Steel Industry

  • Backbone of industrial development
  • First plant: TISCO (Jamshedpur, 1907).
  • Major centers: Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela, Salem.
  • Sector Giants: SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.), RINL
  • Raw materials: Iron ore, coal, manganese, limestone.
Illustration of Iron and Steel Industry
Illustration of Textile Industry

Textile Industry

  • One of the oldest & largest employers.
  • Contributes ~12% to total exports & ~2% to GDP.
  • Major types: Cotton, Silk, Wool, Jute, Synthetic
  • Centers: Mumbai, Surat, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Bhilwara, Panipat.
  • Government Initiatives: TUFS (Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme), PM MITRA Parks.

IT Industry

  • Growth driver of Indian services sector.
  • Major Hubs: Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Noida, Gurugram, Chennai.
  • Contributes ~8% to GDP
  • Export-oriented; major companies: TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCL, Tech Mahindra.
Illustration of IT Industry
Illustration of Automobile Industry

Automobile Industry

  • India is one of the largest automobile markets globally.
  • Segments: 2-wheelers (largest), 4-wheelers, commercial vehicles.
  • Major players: Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, Maruti Suzuki, Hero MotoCorp
  • Hubs: Chennai (Detroit of India), Pune, Gurugram, Sanand.

Industrial Policies in India

Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1948

  • First post-independence policy
  • Public sector given importance in key industries.
  • Set framework for mixed economy.
Illustration of IPR 1948
Illustration of IPR 1956

Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1956

  • Cemented public sector dominance.
  • Classified industries into 3 categories:
    • Schedule A: Exclusively public sector
    • Schedule B: Progressive state control
    • Schedule C: Private sector
  • Focus on heavy industries and self-reliance

Industrial Policy 1991 (LPG Reforms)

  • Marked a shift towards liberalization.
  • Key Changes:
    • Abolished industrial licensing (except for a few industries)
    • Dilution of MRTP Ac
    • Encouraged FDI
    • Privatization of public enterprises
Illustration of IPR 1951

MSME Sector & Startups

  • MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises)
    • Contribute ~30% to India’s GDP.
    • Major employment generator (second to agriculture).
    • Classification (revised 2020):
Category Investment (Plant & Machinery) Turnover
Micro ≤ ₹1 crore ≤ ₹5 crore
Small ≤ ₹10 crore ≤ ₹50 crore
Medium ≤ ₹50 crore ≤ ₹250 crore
  • Government Support:
    • Credit Guarantee Fund
    • Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)
    • Udyam Registration portal
    • MSME Sampark, Samadhan, and Champions Portal
  • Startups:
    • India: 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally (after US & China)
    • Startups in sectors: Fintech, EdTech, HealthTech, Agritech
    • Funding via angel investors, venture capital, and incubators
Illustration of Startups

Make in India, Startup India

Make in India (Launched 2014)

Feature Details
Objective Boost manufacturing, create jobs
Target Raise manufacturing share to 25% of GDP
Focus Sectors 25 sectors incl. Auto, Pharma, Defense, Rail
Key Enablers Ease of Doing Business, FDI reform, skill dev

Startup India (Launched 2016)

Feature Details
Objective Promote innovation, entrepreneurship
Benefits Tax exemption (3 years), faster patent clearance
DPIIT Recognition Needed for availing benefits
Other Support Startup Fund, Incubators, Seed Funding Scheme

Infrastructure – Roads, Railways, Airports, Smart Cities

  • Roads
    • India has 2nd largest road network globally (~63 lakh km).
    • NH Development: Bharatmala Pariyojana.
    • Expressways: Delhi-Mumbai Expressway, Purvanchal Expressway
  • Railways
    • One of world’s largest railway networks (~67,000 km).
    • Operated by: Indian Railways (Ministry of Railways).
    • Electrification, modernization via schemes like PM Gati Shakti.
    • Vande Bharat trains – semi-high-speed network expansion.
Illustration of Infrastructure
Illustration of Infrastructure
  • Airports
    • Rapid airport expansion under UDAN Scheme (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik).
    • Major airports: Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad
    • Managed by AAI & PPP model.
  • Smart Cities Mission (Launched 2015)
    • Goal: Transform 100 cities into sustainable and citizen-friendly cities
    • Focus: Smart governance, transport, sanitation, waste mgmt, ICT infra.
    • Each city receives ₹500 crore from Centre + matching funds from states.

Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)

Definition: Government-owned corporations with majority stake (>51%) by central or state governments.

Classification:

Category Criteria
Maharatna Net worth ≥ ₹15,000 cr, global operations
Navratna Moderate autonomy, strong performance
Miniratna Profitable PSEs with limited autonomy

Examples

Category Enterprises
Maharatna ONGC, IOCL, NTPC, SAIL, BHEL, GAIL
Navratna BEL, HAL, RITES, NALCO
Miniratna BSNL, AAI, HLL, MOIL

Disinvestment:

  • Process of reducing government stake.
  • Managed by DIPAM (Department of Investment and Public Asset Management).
  • Strategic Sale Example: Air India to Tata Group.
Illustration of disinvestment
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