SSC CGL - Detailed Guide 2025
Self-Paced Course
Important Scientists and Their Contributions
Reference: Lucent GK, NCERT Class 6–12
A. Physics
| Scientist | Contribution | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Isaac Newton | Laws of Motion, Law of Gravitation | Foundation of classical mechanics |
| Albert Einstein | Theory of Relativity, Photoelectric Effect | Modern physics, Nobel in 1921 |
| Galileo Galilei | Laws of Falling Bodies, Telescope improvements | Father of Modern Science |
| James Clerk Maxwell | Electromagnetic Theory | Unified electricity and magnetism |
| Michael Faraday | Electromagnetic Induction | Basis of electric motors and generators |
| Wilhelm Roentgen | Discovery of X-rays | First Nobel Prize in Physics (1901) |
| Heinrich Hertz | Proof of existence of electromagnetic waves | Unit of frequency named after him (Hz) |
| Ernest Rutherford | Nuclear model of atom, discovered proton | Father of nuclear physics |
| Niels Bohr | Bohr's model of atom | Electron energy levels in shells |
| C.V. Raman | Raman Effect (scattering of light) | First Indian Nobel Laureate in Physics (1930) |
B. Chemistry
| Scientist | Contribution | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Dmitri Mendeleev | Periodic Table (by atomic weight) | Foundation of modern periodic classification |
| Henry Moseley | Modern Periodic Law (by atomic number) | Corrected Mendeleev's version |
| Antoine Lavoisier | Law of Conservation of Mass | Father of Modern Chemistry |
| John Dalton | Atomic Theory | Introduced concept of atoms as indivisible |
| J.J. Thomson | Discovery of Electron | Plum pudding model of atom |
| James Chadwick | Discovery of Neutron | Completed basic structure of atom |
| Marie Curie | Discovery of Radium and Polonium | First person to win Nobel in two sciences |
| Linus Pauling | Nature of chemical bond | Nobel Prize in Chemistry |
| Robert Bunsen | Invented Bunsen burner | Laboratory heating tool |
C. Biology & Medicine
| Scientist | Contribution | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Darwin | Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection | Revolutionized understanding of life |
| Gregor Mendel | Laws of Inheritance (Genetics) | Father of Genetics |
| Louis Pasteur | Germ Theory, Pasteurization | Developed first vaccine for rabies |
| Alexander Fleming | Discovery of Penicillin | First antibiotic, revolutionized medicine |
| Edward Jenner | First smallpox vaccine | Father of Immunology |
| Robert Hooke | Discovered cell (in cork) | Coined the term "cell" |
| Watson & Crick | DNA Double Helix Model | Explained the structure of genetic material |
| Frederick Banting | Discovery of Insulin | Treatment for diabetes |
| William Harvey | Blood circulation in humans | Laid foundation for cardiovascular study |
| Hippocrates | Father of Medicine | Ancient Greek physician |
D. Mathematics & Astronomy
| Scientist | Contribution | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Aryabhata | Calculated value of π, Heliocentric theory | Ancient Indian mathematician-astronomer |
| Bhaskara II | Algebra, calculus concepts | Introduced concepts of zero, infinity |
| Euclid | Elements of Geometry | Father of Geometry |
| Pythagoras | Pythagoras Theorem | Fundamental geometric principle |
| Johannes Kepler | Laws of Planetary Motion | Planetary orbits are elliptical |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Heliocentric model of solar system | Sun-centered theory of universe |
| Tycho Brahe | Precise astronomical observations | Laid groundwork for Kepler |
E. Indian Scientists (Important for SSC CGL)
| Scientist | Contribution | Field |
|---|---|---|
| C.V. Raman | Raman Effect | Physics |
| Homi J. Bhabha | Nuclear Science in India | Physics |
| Vikram Sarabhai | Father of Indian Space Program (ISRO) | Space Science |
| A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | Missile & space tech, former President | Aerospace |
| Meghnad Saha | Saha Ionization Equation (stellar spectroscopy) | Astrophysics |
| Jagadish Chandra Bose | Wireless telegraphy, plant physiology | Physics, Biology |
| Satyendra Nath Bose | Bose-Einstein statistics | Quantum Physics |
| Har Gobind Khorana | Genetic Code, DNA synthesis | Biology |
| Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | Ribosome structure (Nobel Prize in Chemistry) | Molecular Biology |
Developed By Jan Mohammad
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