SSC CGL - Detailed Guide 2025
Self-Paced Course
Inventions and Discoveries
Reference: Lucent GK, NCERT Class 6–12
Physics
| Invention / Discovery | Inventor / Discoverer | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Laws of Motion | Isaac Newton | Formulated 3 fundamental laws |
| Law of Gravitation | Isaac Newton | Universal law of attraction |
| Electromagnetism | James Clerk Maxwell | Unified electricity & magnetism |
| Electromagnetic Induction | Michael Faraday | Basis of electric generator |
| Photoelectric Effect | Albert Einstein | Nobel Prize 1921 |
| X-rays | Wilhelm Roentgen | First Nobel in Physics (1901) |
| Radioactivity | Henri Becquerel | Natural radioactivity |
| Thermometer | Galileo Galilei | Early version |
| Light Speed Measurement | Ole Rømer | First to estimate speed of light |
| Electric Bulb | Thomas Edison | Improved practical design |
Chemistry
| Discovery / Invention | Discoverer | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Periodic Table | Dmitri Mendeleev | Based on atomic weight |
| Modern Atomic Theory | John Dalton | Proposed atoms as indivisible |
| Electron | J.J. Thomson | Negative particle in atom |
| Proton | Ernest Rutherford | Positive particle in nucleus |
| Neutron | James Chadwick | Neutral particle |
| Atomic Nucleus | Ernest Rutherford | Gold foil experiment |
| pH Scale | S.P.L. Sørensen | Acidity/alkalinity measurement |
| Oxygen | Joseph Priestley / Lavoisier | Lavoisier named it “oxygen” |
| Hydrogen | Henry Cavendish | First identified gas |
| Periodic Law (Modern) | Henry Moseley | Based on atomic number |
Biology & Medicine
| Discovery / Invention | Discoverer / Inventor | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Circulation | William Harvey | Explained heart and blood flow |
| Smallpox Vaccine | Edward Jenner | First vaccine (1796) |
| Germ Theory of Disease | Louis Pasteur | Microbes cause disease |
| Penicillin (First Antibiotic) | Alexander Fleming | Discovered accidentally in 1928 |
| DNA Double Helix Structure | Watson & Crick | Proposed in 1953 |
| Microscope | Zacharias Janssen (compound) | Magnifies microorganisms |
| Cell (discovery) | Robert Hooke | Observed cork cells |
| Mitochondria (discovery) | Richard Altmann | “Powerhouse of the cell” |
| Insulin (for diabetes) | Frederick Banting & Charles Best | Treats high blood sugar |
| Vaccination (concept) | Edward Jenner | Introduced smallpox immunization |
Computers & Communication
| Invention | Inventor | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Computer (concept) | Charles Babbage | “Father of the Computer” |
| World Wide Web (WWW) | Tim Berners-Lee | Invented in 1989 |
| Internet | Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn | Protocol designers (TCP/IP) |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell | Invented in 1876 |
| Radio | Guglielmo Marconi | Nobel in Physics |
| Television | John Logie Baird | Demonstrated first working TV |
| Mobile Phone | Martin Cooper | Made first mobile call (1973) |
| Ray Tomlinson | Sent first email | |
| Mouse (computer) | Douglas Engelbart | Introduced in 1960s |
Space & Astronomy
| Discovery / Invention | Person | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Heliocentric Theory | Nicolaus Copernicus | Sun is at the center of solar system |
| Telescope (practical) | Galileo Galilei | First used for astronomical purposes |
| Laws of Planetary Motion | Johannes Kepler | Elliptical planetary orbits |
| Law of Universal Gravitation | Isaac Newton | Explains planetary motion |
| Big Bang Theory | Georges Lemaître | Universe origin theory |
| Expansion of Universe | Edwin Hubble | Observed galaxies moving apart |
| First Satellite (Sputnik 1) | Soviet Union | Launched in 1957 |
| First Human in Space | Yuri Gagarin | 1961, Vostok 1 |
| Moon Landing | Neil Armstrong | 1969, Apollo 11 mission |
Developed By Roopasree Challa
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